We build cognitive models, mostly based on accumulated biases from subjective tendencies. A few examples by answering questions will explain the problem.
Posted on: February 2, 2023
Note: I posted an article on that subject many years ago. A reminder is most important.
Am I biased? What are your cognitive models?
We function and decide along cognitive models of what we think we know of facts and reality.
1) You had an excellent grade on one of the courses. What is the main reason?
You are very intelligent; you studied hard; the course was pretty easy; the teacher was good in explaining the subject matter; the school environment is conducive to learning; the teaching method was appropriate to your temperament; your close community is supportive to learning.
2) You believe that your girl friend’s mental capabilities are below your mental potential. Is it because:
She asks many detailed questions that you consider should be taken for granted;
she has this habit of going frequently on tangents instead of focusing on the main subject of the conversation;
she is convinced that girls’ trump card is elegance and style; she is never satisfied how she looks;
she is always one hour late for the date; she just starts dressing up and bathing on the date schedule and thus unable to plan ahead;
she is not logical or rational in her thinking…
I don’t believe my girlfriend is less smarter than me but I don’t know why;
I have facts that my girlfriend is smarter than me.
3) You are convinced of the “evolution” theory of mankind. Why? Because:
I read the original book of Darwin and he convinced me; (Not likely)
I read commentaries of scientists that I value their judgement and I got convinced;
I observed mechanism of evolution; (Not likely)
I read scientific peer-reviewed studies on that topic; I am a scientist working in that field;
I don’t believe in The BOOK or religious Books describing creation of mankind and species; I don’t see any other alternatives but evolution;
I don’t believe in evolution but I don’t know why;
I believe in evolution but I am not that convinced.
4) Small commercial airplanes are far more dangerous for traveling short distances (300 miles) than cars. I agree because:
The only consequences in crashes is certain death;
I have no control over planes; weather conditions affect the maneuvering of airplanes far more than cars;
there is a heavy density of birds at low altitudes;
there is no co-pilots in small commercial planes;
I disagree.
5) Your schoolmate closest friend had a much better grade than you on one of the courses. What is the main reason?
Is he more intelligent than you? He studied harder;
the teacher is biased to him and favor your friend;
your friend’s parents have strong connection with the administration;
he is more relaxed in the school environment; his close community is more supportive to learning.
6) People of developing countries are evidently less smart and not endowed with mental capabilities as people in developed nations. Because:
Their brain size is smaller;
they failed so far to reaching a social stage of development that is compatible with modern social standards;
they are still in the tribal stage;
they allow foreigners to exploit their resources;
their leaders are willing to sell anything for bribes;
civil wars are rampant in developing countries; political structures are unstable; democracy is lacking; Christianity is not predominant;
I disagree based on the above premises or observations but I believe the initial statesman;
The statesman is wrongly formulated and biased but it cannot be disproved;
The statement is not “politically correct” and thus it is wrong;
I have no opinion and care less;
I have facts to the contrary to the statesman.
7) In general, women are less capable of running big businesses or holding important political positions. The reasons are:
Women are rarely found in high positions;
physical handicaps during pregnancy are not conducive to persistent work in becoming expert;
women are emotionally less strong than men in critical events;
women get bogged down in details; the temperament of women is less focused on business targets;
This statement is wrong;
The question is biased in its formulation;
Women are more capable than men in running big businesses and controlling personnel.
8) You have got a pretty lousy grade. The main reason is:
You have no inclination for the subject matter;
you had urgent problems to taking care of;
the teacher lacked the vocation;
the classroom is crowded;
the schedule for the course didn’t match the top performance period in your circadian body cycle.
A few subjective cognitive models we use to deciding without enough facts are the following:
One: We rely on simple heuristic strategies to avoid complex computational judgement. This model is called “Attribute substitution”
Two: We tend not to acknowledge our biases in judgement and think that we are better than average in feeling the correct attitude; thus, we have “Bias blind spots“.
Three: We tend to attribute to our strong imaginative power pieces of memory that we have registered and had forgotten. The phenomena of False memory syndrome, Recovery memory therapies through hypnosis…and plagiarism are within the category of Cryptomnesia models.
Four: We tend to extend positive outcomes as relevant to our internal capabilities and potentials while negative outcomes are attributed to external factors. This “self-serving bias” is reversed when judging another person’s outcomes (grade results for example).
Five: We tend to ask more money for items we own than we are willing to pay for as market value. This “endowment effect” is related to our aversion to loss and sticking to the status quo biases.
Six: We search for bad actions and behavior of the victims based on our model of “Just-World phenomenon“. Somehow, the victim must have been bad to get this outcome.
Seven: “I can quit addiction at any time I decide to” is within the “Restraint bias” model and illusion of control when we will anything.
Eight: We tend to under-estimate task duration that is unknown to us. We use the “planning fallacy” model.
Nine: We estimate based on our most vivid memories. This is the “Availability heuristic” cognitive model.
Ten: We search for facts that support our hypothesis instead of the way around. We use the “Confirmation bias” model.
Send me more questions and option answers that generate examples of our subjective cognitive models
Adonis Diaries 
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