Michael S. Wilson: You are, among many other things, a self-described anarchist — an anarcho-syndicalist.  Most people think of anarchists as disenfranchised punks throwing rocks at store windows, or masked men tossing ball-shaped bombs at fat industrialists.  Is this an accurate view?  What is anarchy to you?

Noam Chomsky: Anarchism is basically a kind of tendency in human thought which shows up in different forms in different circumstances, and has some leading characteristics.

Primarily it is a tendency that is suspicious and skeptical of domination, authority, and hierarchy.  It seeks structures of hierarchy and domination in human life over the whole range, extending from patriarchal families to imperial systems. And it asks whether those systems are justified.

Second, It assumes that the burden of proof for anyone in a position of power and authority lies on them.  Their authority is not self-justifying.  They have to give a reason for it, a justification.  And if they can’t justify that authority and power and control, which is the usual case, then the authority ought to be dismantled and replaced by something more free and just.  And, as I understand it, anarchy is just that tendency.  It takes different forms at different times.

Third. Anarcho-syndicalism is a particular variety of anarchism which was concerned primarily primarily with control over work, over the work place, over production.  It took for granted that working people ought to control their own work, its conditions… That working people ought to control the enterprises in which they work, along with communities, so they should be associated with one another in free associations…

Democracy of that kind should be the foundational elements of a more general free society.  And Ideas are worked out about how exactly that should manifest itself. And I think that is the core of anarcho-syndicalist thinking.

I mean it’s not at all the general image that you described — people running around the streets, you know, breaking store windows — but [anarcho-syndicalism] is a conception of a very organized society, organized from below, by direct participation at every level, with as little control and domination as is feasible, maybe none.

Wilson: With the apparent ongoing demise of the capitalist state, many people are looking at other ways to be successful, to run their lives, and I’m wondering what you would say anarchy and syndicalism have to offer, things that others ideas — for example, state-run socialism — have failed to offer?

Why should we choose anarchy, as opposed to libertarianism?

Chomsky: What’s called libertarian in the United States, which is a special U. S. phenomenon, it doesn’t really exist anywhere else — a little bit in England — permits a very high level of authority and domination in the hands of private power:  so private power should be unleashed to do whatever it likes.

The assumption is that by some kind of magic, concentrated private power will lead to a more free and just society.  Actually that has been believed in the past.  Adam Smith for example, one of his main arguments for markets was the claim that under conditions of perfect liberty, markets would lead to perfect equality.  Well, we don’t have to talk about that!