Posts Tagged ‘ex-communicated by the Sephardi Jews’
“Learn but Do not imitate animal kingdoms”: Spinoza (1632-1677), part 4
Posted by: adonis49 on: February 17, 2011
“Learn but Do not imitate animal kingdoms”: Spinoza (1632-1677), part 4
Context of the period:
Bento Baruch Spinoza was born in current Netherlands (Holland), lived and died there. Holland had acquired its independence: It kicked out the Spanish army, thwarted a British navy landing, and forced a French expeditionary army during Louis XIV to retreat.
At the age of 24, Bento was ex-communicated by the Sephardi Jews who had immigrated from Portugal to Amsterdam: He believed that God is a philosophical concept: When the body dies so does the spirit.
He had to live far from Amsterdam and earn a living, polishing lenses for microscopes, telescopes and corrective glasses. Holland was the wealthiest nation in Europe and enjoyed the largest merchant navy.
Spinoza was the contemporary of the scientists Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Isaac Newton, Galileo, Leibniz, Huygens… and the famous painters in Holland such as Vermeer, Velasquez, Van Ruysdael, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Emmanuel de Witte, Frans Hals, Jan Wynants, Judith Leyster, Georg Flegel, Peter de Hooch, Van Ostade, Albert Cuyp, Lambert Doomer…
The only published book for Spinoza while alive was “Principles of Descartes Philosophy, 1663″. All his other works were published posthumous such as “Ethics” and “Theologico-Political Treaties”…
He spoke Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, some French, Latin, and Hebrew. He was annoyed that he could not read in English because of the many published manuscripts in that language.
Animals to Spinoza are real animals and not disguised human beings to emulate or imitate. Man has to make the efforts to be distinguished from the animal kingdom, otherwise, an ignorant man commits the same stupidities when he succumbs to prejudices that tie him down.
Every specie has its natural libido, instincts, and essence. Mankind should not emulate or imitate the animal and plant kingdoms. For example, we do not have to emulate the carnivorous needs for survival or how the big fish eats the smaller ones: waging wars is an imperfection in mankind natural behavior; waging wars in NOT an intrinsic instinct in man’s nature.
It is difficult for a man to change from a “guard dog” to a “hunting dog”: These transformations are rare, though feasible for a short while to some extent. But, these changes do not lead to natural joy corresponding to the individual own natural inclinations.
It is only when we realize that the changes were faked and not adequate transformation for our individual happiness that these valiant attempts to changing our nature increase our knowledge and extend richer perspectives to our improvement. Know your vital natural constitution and rights.
We cannot spin a spider web, done easily by a spider: A spider cannot spin a lousy web because it is not in his nature to spin otherwise. So is man: Man cannot do a worse job once he acquired the necessary skills and knowledge. With the main difference that man has to keep up exercising and thinking to producing the same quality of higher quality products: That is in the essence or “nature of mankind”
The moment we try to imitate animal kingdoms we are bound to fail and even set up programs that dehumanize mankind. For example, governing a community as ants or bees do cannot correspond to mankind nature bound to evolve, reason, and seek joy instead of playing the passive games of obeying unnatural laws, guidelines, and rules.
Liberty consists in knowing what is fully useful to our individual natural constitution and thus, increasing our individual power to gaining higher levels of joy and happiness. Desiring what is not in our natural temperament such as following faked trends, does not lead to happiness.
Man can discriminate between the joy of a drunk and the joy of a philosopher who comprehended a complex idea: The joy of a drunk is an addiction dependent on alcohol while the joy of a philosopher or a scientists is a feeling of increased power that frees him from being subjugated to superstitions and man-imposed laws and regulations that are at odds with his nature.
Mankind has this faculty of imitating his neighbors’ desires and he is good in acting parts contrary to his nature. Before a man can comprehend his own nature, we cannot say that an imitation is good or bad in altering man’s natural power. That is why, only constant efforts to increasing our knowledge of “who we are” can give us the power to judge what is good and what is bad for us, for our survival, and for acquiring happiness.
Man is an integral part of nature:
First, man has nothing exceptional to place him above nature’s processes: He is devoid of any free-will independent of his natural living essence.
Second, man is in constant trade with his biological and social environment (cultural and natural).
Third, man shares in this infinite power that characterizes nature and thus, man is endowed with sizable amount of potentials for acquiring higher levels of power.
Nature creates no exceptions and mankind is NOT an exception to nature’s processes, reality, and laws: Mankind is NOT an “empire within an empire”.
Man follows nature’s course and his actions can be explained by the mechanism of his efforts and activities.
Mankind is not guided by this abstract notion of free-will: There are no reasons to feel indignation by another man’s laughing or crying behaviors.
There are no reasons to emulate or imitate the animal kingdoms; what we need is to comprehend the vital natural rights of all species and how we are same but different.
What we desire are NOT what we lack or imagine that we are lacking to satisfying our life fulfillment: Our desires are the effects of our efforts that led to what we are and who we are; our desires are never the cause for our feeling of missing anything.
For example, when we desire a home it is because we feel the need for more comfort and security to go ahead with our drive to perfecting our happiness and contentment.
When desires are imitations of what other people claim to desire then, we are Not acquiring what our personal nature requires and wants: Our spirit is subjugated by external factors that we failed to control their affects. We didn’t invest the necessary effort to “knowing ourselves”.
We are in essence constantly in a state of preparing to undertake an action or planning an activity in order to preserving our life and increasing the capital of survival as long as possible.
Our essence is to developing our power for conserving our potentials to live and searching for what is useful to our body and mental development capacities.
What is essential to us is what our desires produce in reality to develop our nature. We learn whatever is necessary to our natural conservation. Thus, life is defined as a qualitative perception of what we feel as joy and sadness and we interact with our community according to our level of natural development.
Virtue is to acting according to our own nature. Conjoint development of body and mind, as a unit, is the natural inclination of mankind. Weakening the body will never liberate the spirit and quell our natural passions for survival.
Knowing yourself can be reduced to the essential knowledge: “What external factors (in nature, society, institutions…) are altering and influencing our real natural desires for self-preservation and development?”
No, the body is not commanded by the spirit and neither the spirit by the body: There is no separation but unity for doing the necessary efforts to live, to developing our natural capabilities in order to enjoying life and be happy. The potentials of what the body is able to accomplish are not fully known; how a sane and well-conserved body can affect our mental potentials is still vastly undiscovered. The kinds of feats of sleep-walkers are not accounted for.
You neglect the well-being of your body and your spirit is negatively affected. You neglect exercising your cognitive and emotional capabilities and your body is negatively affected. A general body fatigue is the interaction of afflictions of the body and mind; a depressed mood is the interaction of adverse influences on the body and mind.
Our natural personality is created by the combined efforts we exert on our body and mind. The environment and society are external factors that constantly interact with our essence to live and form who we are.
Inequality in aptitudes among individuals are closely related to our constant efforts to interacting with the environment, people, and the changes in perceptions that we form of our potentials, of nature, and of the universe.
“There are two founding principles: Refusing tyranny and refuting superstitions. It is impossible for an individual to abandon his natural rights. In order for a citizen to obey laws he must retain the legitimacy of keeping his power intact to resisting tyranny and defending his vital natural rights. A happy individual has the right to fighting all kinds of superstitions. ”
The greater is the joy, the greater the perfection of our passions.
This is my rule and my resolution: I will eat and drink in moderation of whatever pleases me. I will partake in cultural activities that I like. I will participate in games that I love to do and that do not harm others.”
Yes, the individual spirit dies with the body but it is the spirit we communicated and disseminated while alive that keeps mankind evolving.
“Be cautious of tyranny and superstitions”: Bento Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
Posted by: adonis49 on: February 14, 2011
“Be cautious of tyranny and superstitions”: Bento Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
Baruch Spinoza wrote in the 17th century:
“The right of public power emanates from the mass of citizens who are guided by the same ideas and desires. It is the collective citizens who has the power to extend its potentials to the State body. The right of every citizen is multiplied as two join forces: This is the right of nature as the power of the weakest individual ruler among the citizens governs the strongest power of the collective citizens who endowed him with the requisite power.
States that govern citizens by fear tend to act for reducing vices instead of enhancing virtues. Free men do not need rewards, stimulants, or marble statues to obeying laws coinciding with individual’s vital natural rights for happiness and opportunities to live in dignity.”
Context of the period:
Bento Baruch Spinoza was born in current Netherlands (Holland), lived and died there. Holland had acquired its independence: It kicked out the Spanish army, thwarted a British navy landing, and forced a French expeditionary army during Louis XIV to retreat.
At the age of 24, Bento was ex-communicated by the Sephardi Jews who had immigrated from Portugal to Amsterdam: He believed that God is a philosophical concept; when the body dies so does the spirit. He had to live far from Amsterdam and earn a living, polishing lenses for microscopes, telescopes and corrective glasses. Holland was the wealthiest nation in Europe and enjoyed the largest merchant navy.
Spinoza was the contemporary of the scientists Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Isaac Newton, Galileo, Leibniz, Huygens… and the famous painters in Holland such as Vermeer, Velasquez, Van Ruysdael, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Emmanuel de Witte, Frans Hals, Jan Wynants, Judith Leyster, Georg Flegel, Peter de Hooch, Van Ostade, Albert Cuyp, Lambert Doomer…
The only published book for Spinoza while alive was “Principles of Descartes Philosophy, 1663″. All his other works were published posthumous such as “Ethics” and “Theologico-Political Treaties”… He spoke Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, some French, Latin, and Hebrew. He was annoyed that he could not read in English because of the many published manuscripts in that language.
“There are two founding principles:
1. Refusing tyranny and refuting superstitions. It is impossible for an individual to abandon his natural rights. In order for a citizen to obey laws he must retain the legitimacy of keeping his power intact to resisting tyranny and defending his vital natural rights.”
“A happy individual has the right to fight all kinds of superstitions. Only an envious person takes pleasure of my impotence and my sufferings. There are no Gods or persons who consider tears of sufferings, crying of pains and humiliation, fears of everything in society and nature as virtues to hang on. The greater is the joy, the greater the perfection of our passions.
2. Participate in what you love to do. This is my rule and my resolution: I will eat and drink in moderation of whatever pleases me. I will partake in cultural activities that I like. I will participate in games that I love to do and that do not harm others.”
“Joy, sadness, and desires are the three main affects that drive all the other feelings and passions. Nature is the same everywhere and it follows the same process regardless of what man want to change in it.
The wise man comprehends the universal rules and laws of nature and follows their virtues. The power of an individual is limited and is superseded by external forces. We don’t have an absolute will to adapt to what is beyond our power to act upon. Our intelligence, the best part of ourself, will be fully satisfied and contented as it keeps within nature’s restrictions for drastic changes. We cannot over indulge in eating or drinking without suffering their consequences. Whatever we do within our power we can support equally well and our conscious is at peace because we acted within the range of our possibilities and nature’s limitations on us”.
“People are submitted to affections such as feeling of pity to those in misfortune; feeling envious of those happy… We tend to be more vengeful than compassionate or forgiving; We want people to conform to our positions, approve what we like, and reject what we hate. Consequently, we want to the first among all men. The glory of the victor is to have vanquished his opponent rather than obtaining anything of value.”
“The strong State is capable of enhancing the hope for obtaining a larger good. A nation is defined by the convergence of collective beliefs and shared desires. A talented ruler gives the impression to the citizens that they are living according to their free will, that they can increase their wealth, and have opportunities to acceding to honors.
Erecting marble statues, lavishing honors and rewards to loyal citizens, and parading them as first among men will degrade their characters and performance by inflating their pride and driving them to laziness. Equality among citizens is reduced and so is common freedom and collective liberty.”
“Experience showed me that ordinary events are futile and vain; that what scare us in nature have nothing intrinsically good or bad: It is mankind that created his set of values and there are no absolute values emanating from a supernatural power. A free man thinks only of death and his wisdom is a meditation on life. I resolute to searching for a real good that could be communicated to mankind and that could fill his soul of supreme happiness without necessarily altering his vital rights in life.”
It appears that later theories of “Social Contracts” would have seemed abstract bogus concepts to Spinoza.
Social Contracts are one-sided deals that bind only the “subjects” into laws that they were not asked to discuss; Social Contracts are easily revoked by the power-to-be without consulting the “citizens”. It is the dynamic free interactions and communications in and among communities that define the legal frame for a State political regime.
Be cautious: Do not suffocate your desire for a happy life; do not get caught up in the limitations and constraints of social-made prescriptions on how to live your life.
Be cautious: Conquer your freedom and get engaged building a free community; let your collective engagement elevates your society to higher levels of opportunities for joy. Learn what and who is subjugating your spirit to unnatural desires and behaviors
Be cautious: Know and master your passions, learn the imitation desires that are external and do not coincide with your own nature for physical and mental development; govern your life and increase your “life-capital”.
Adonis Diaries 