Posts Tagged ‘Germany’
Genocide has deep causes: The catalyst is a major war to ignite the massacre. And the case of Germany
Posted on: May 3, 2015
Genocide has deep causes: The catalyst is a major war to ignite the massacre
And why Germany committed this mass ethnic cleansing genocide on Jews, Ukrainians, Polish people, Tsigans…?
Because the colonial victors in WWI refused to set up an international tribunal for crimes against humanity:
1. On the genocide of the Armenians planned by Germany in 1915 and executed by the Turks and Kurds
2. On the famine hecatomb in Mount Lebanon (1915-18), willed by Germany after a visit of its monarch in 1909
This post focuses on the genocide of the Armenians and Lebanese.
But prior to that, let us refresh our memories of the colonial genocide before the cases of the Armenians and Lebanese people:
1. The massive killing of the people in the Congo (5 million) by colonial Belgium
2. the genocide on Indonesians by colonial Netherland
3. The genocide on people in Australia, India and New Zealand by the British Empire
And Hitler to wonder in 1939: “Who remembers the massacre of the Armenians?”
Actually, the Nuremberg Tribunal focused on the latest of genocide. The colonial powers executed a dozen of those they had no interest in using for their talent and professionalism, particularly in the development of weapons of mass destruction, torture techniques, sciences and spying.
The Nuremberg Tribunal didn’t brought to trial
1. the genocide in Libya and Ethiopia by Italy under Mussolini
The Nuremberg Tribunal didn’t convince anyone with strong links to former colonial powers that there can be serious consequences of committing genocide. Let’s start with:
1. genocide in Korea by Japan, China, Soviet Union and USA
2. genocide in China by Japan, Soviet Union and Mao Tse Tong
3. genocide in Viet Nam by the French and USA
4. genocide in Algeria by the French
5. genocide in Rwanda
6. genocide in Cambodia
7. genocide in Afghanistan
8. genocide in Iraq and then Syria
Shall we go on?
This post will focus on the two genocide of Armenians and Lebanese of Mount Lebanon.
When WWI started, Germany was the main western nation dealing with Turkey, in trade, military cooperation and training, building infrastructure (The Istanbul-Hejaz railway for example)
By 1906, the British Empire realized that it was unable to prevent Germany becoming the second economical power behind the USA or overtaking German external trade around the world in quality or price.
England decided that its best strategy was a preemptive war on Germany by blocking the maritime ports with which Germany imported and exported goods.
All the diplomacy of England was to ally France ( the largest land army) and neutralize Russia (the main trade outlet for Germany for many centuries) in the event Germany wage an all out war.
Germany had no qualm with France and Russia because it benefitted from these 2 countries.
Ironically, it is France and Russia that first declared war on Germany.
As Russia declared war on Germany, and since the Armenians in Turkey steadfastly and consistently supported and aided Imperial Russia frequent incursions into the Ottoman Empire since the 19th century, Germany planned the Armenian genocide and the new colonial national zeal of the Young Turk junta systematically executed the plan, and in a very German professionalism.
It is to be noted that the Ottoman Empire was the most lenient and tolerant among all empires relative to its varieties of ethnic and religious diversities.
Germany finally decided to agree that it shared in the genocide of the Armenians by the planning of this mass murder.
The roots for this hatred of the Turks against the Armenians was there, and it needed a new Nationalist feeling of the 20th century to go all the way according to the German decision.
The turks executed the plan in the large cities while the Kurds were assigned this job in the far fetched country side.
Germany was also behind punishing Lebanon and committed this genocide famine hecatomb between 1915-18
For example, the city of Kars in Turkey, on the eastern side of the Anatolia Plateau (Anadol), is built by the river Kars and is a must cross location on the routes from Georgia, Tabriz (Iran), the Caucasus and Tiflis. I urge my readers to recollect other cursed cities through history.
Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus form one homogeneous geographic area in economy, culture, and social communication and trades.
The Armenians on both sides preferred to pay allegiance to Christian Russia and wished that Russia would grant them administrative autonomy in the Caucasus.
The Moslems on both sides paid allegiance to the Moslem Ottoman Empire.
The triangle of the current States of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan were the scenes of major battle fields and invasions through history and is still a hot area till now.
The Nobel Literature Prize winner Orhan Pamuk published “Snow” that described the calamities suffered by the inhabitants of the Kars region. The Armenian people lived in that region for a thousand years and then many waves of immigrants and refugees from persecutions flocked to it.
The Karss region hosted people from the Empires of Persia, Byzantium and then Moguls, Georgians, Kurds, and Cherkessk.
In the 17th century, the Karss region was predominantly of Moslems and then Armenians were second in numbers.
The absolute monarchic Russian Empire vied for this region since the 18th century.
In 1827, Russia entered Karss and chased out over 27,000 Moslems and transferred 45,000 Armenians to this city from Iran and the Anatolian Plateau.
The city of Yerevan (Capital of the current State of Armenia) that was mostly of Iranians was transformed demographically in 1827.
In every Russian invasion to the Karss region, the Russian troops could rely on the Armenian population for auxiliary regiments, logistics, and intelligence services.
As the Russian troops vacated the region in 1829, over 90,000 Armenians fled with the Russians fearing well deserved persecution.
During the Crimea War, which confronted Russia against the combined alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman, the Russians put siege on Karss in 1855 for many months and all the Ottoman army within the city was massacred. The Paris treaty of 1855 forced the Russians to vacate the Karss region. The Ottoman troops retaliated heavily on the Armenians.
In 1859, the Cherkessk, lead by their leader Shamel, revolted against the Russians and Shamel was defeated; many Christian Russian Orthodox were transferred to Karss to replace the Moslem Cherkessk. The same eviction process befell three quarter of the Moslems of Abkhazia in 1867.
Thus, in less than 30 years, the Russian Empire changed the demographics of the Caucasus from mostly Moslems to mostly Christians.
Over 1, 200,000 Moslems were forced to transfer to other regions; 800,000 of the Moslems settled in the Ottoman Empire.
In 1877, the Russians amassed troops on the border with Karss; Sultan Abdel Hamid preempted the invasion by massacring the Armenians on ground that they will inevitably aid the Russians.
After 93 days of war, the Russians entered Karss and a pogrom on the Moslems proceeded for many days.
The treaty of San Estephanos relinquished the region to the Russian Empire. The Russians built a new city south of the city of Karess where the Emperor Alexander III met with his concubines and hunted.
In the next 43 years, the Armenians harassed the Moslems of this region and thousand had to flee.
In retaliation, Sultan Abdel Hamid formed in 1891 a special regiment of Kurdish cavalry with the purpose of harassing the Armenians of the Karss region and the pogrom around Lake Van raised an outcry in Europe.
During the First World War, the Armenians again aided the Russians and formed semi-regular armies to fight the Ottoman Empire.
On both sides, Armenian troops were under either the flag of Turkey or of Russia.
As the genocide was decided in April 1915, the Turks disbanded 125,000 armed Armenian troops and transferred them to dig ditches and construction works.
Consequently, in 1915, the Ottoman Empire launched the genocide plan against the Armenians and thousands died of famine during the long march out of Turkey.
The Armenians settled in Constantinople (Istanbul), and the people in the Adana region shared in the mass persecution; only the Armenians in the Caucasus, within Russia, were spared.
The British occupied the Karss region in 1919 and gave some authority to the Armenians who gathered arms from the Moslems and gave them to the Armenians and another round of harassment and massacres took place.
The Turkish General Mustafa Kemal re-occupied the Karss region in 1920 after defeating the Armenian army: the Bolsheviks were then allied to the new Turkish Republic.
The Russians transferred the Armenians from the region of Patum to Yerevan.
In 1927, all the properties of the Armenians in Karss were confiscated.
The Armenians were robbed of a homeland because Turkey ceased Cyprus to Britain in exchange of guaranteeing the Karss region to Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal (Attaturk) also negotiated a political deal with mandated power France over Syria to relinquish the Syrian region of Alexandrite to Turkey, setting the premises for future regional feuds.
Nowadays, there are no Armenians in Karss; the imposing buildings of Tsarist Russia are government Administrative offices; a vast villa of 40 rooms is transformed into hospital, and a Jewish museum.
An entire century of struggles, massacres, harassment, genocides, and useless hate to their neighbors in order to gain self-autonomy rewarded the Armenians nothing.
They had to wait for the break down of the Soviet Union to enjoy the Armenian State that is totally dependent in its economy on the neighboring States.
Kosovo, Kashmir, Jerusalem, Gaza, and Palestine are current examples of lost opportunities for stability and peace.
As for the case of the famine hecatomb in Mount Lebanon read:
https://adonis49.wordpress.com/2013/11/14/famine-hecatomb-in-lebanon-1915-18/
Germany: United officially and separate socially? Falling of Walls do not erase rooted community behaviors
Posted on: November 6, 2014
United officially and separate socially?
It can be hard for visitors to Berlin to imagine where the Berlin Wall once separated Germany’s communist East from the U.S.-friendly West.
Today, commuters run to catch a metro where trains stood for nearly 30 years. Curried sausages are sold and illegal (but popular) parties are celebrated in empty warehouses just feet from where East Germans were shot by their own countrymen as they tried to cross the border to the west.
Next week, Germany will celebrate the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall and at first glance, it seems as if the country is more united than some nations that were never split.
posted this
But numbers and images illustrating differences in lifestyles and problems between East and West Germans tell a different story.
While 75% of Germans who live in the east said they considered their country’s reunification a success in a recent survey only half of western Germans agreed.
And that’s not the only distinction indicating that the separation of the past prevails today.
Before we go in-depth with the Washington Post visualizations and maps shown above, some of them inspired by German news site ZEIT ONLINE, let’s take a look at the bigger picture:
Berlin, photographed from a Space Station
Over 20 years since the Berlin Wall was dismantled the effects of separating the city can still be seen from space. The yellow lights correspond to East Berlin and the greener tones show West Berlin. (Copyright: ESA/NASA)
The photo above was taken by astronaut André Kuipers from the International Space Station in 2012. It shows one division of Berlin: While the yellow lights are in east Berlin, the green parts mark the western part.
Daniela Augenstein, a spokeswoman for Berlin’s department of urban development, explained that each side historically used different streetlights. The lights themselves reflect another difference: The streetlamps used in West Germany were much more environmentally friendly, reflecting the emergence of the western German environmental civil movement in the 1970s and 1980s.
At that time East Germany was still heavily polluting, and heavily reliant on coal. Today, eastern Germany is the heart of the country’s renewable energy transformation. But viewed from space, the historic differences still define Berlin’s nightly appearance.
Data reveal further cleavages between east and west.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, formerly communist eastern German companies and factories suddenly had to compete with their much more efficient western counterparts. Capitalism came too fast.
Many eastern German companies went bankrupt and some regions never recovered from the shock. Until today, income levels are much lower in the east than in the west.
Germany’s unemployment rate made headlines when it hit a two-decade low this summer. But that rate is not evenly spread: former West German states still have far better employment levels than their eastern neighbors.
That’s in part because more young people have moved from rural eastern areas to the west, which has also decreased the amount of job-seeking eastern Germans.
This has led to a paradoxical situation: Many young people in rural eastern Germany say they are forced to move to the west or to larger eastern cities because of a lack of competitive wages and job opportunities.
Consequently, many eastern German companies cannot find enough young trainees for entry-level positions and are now recruiting in Poland or the Czech Republic.
Demographic differences are not only the result of joblessness and income gaps. Most foreigners who live in Germany have chosen to settle in the western parts, and their arrival has decreased average ages.
Several factors explain the significantly smaller foreign population in the east. Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, western Germany invited many Turks to live in the country as guest workers. Many of them never left.
Furthermore, the climate is less friendly to foreigners in the east, according to a study by Leipzig University researchers who interviewed 16,000 Germans over 10 years.
These findings coincide with a larger presence of right-wing neo-Nazi sympathizers. The right-wing National Democratic Party, whose members have often been accused of glorifying Adolf Hitler, enjoys particular support in the east, though they’ve been relatively unsuccessful at the polls.
Why did right-wing politicians prosper in the once-communist east?
The explanation is complex, but scientists often attribute it to a mixture of anti-leftist worldviews after the wall fell and the economic downturn in the east.
Many people were disillusioned by Western capitalism, but few wanted a return to communism. Right-wing politicians were quick to fill the void. The great majority of eastern Germans, of course, are welcoming.
The comparisons above might make eastern Germany seem like a bleak place to live — but in some ways, it’s ahead of the west.
Take trash production. Why? Here is one possible explanation: Having dealt with constant food shortages until 1989, eastern Germans learned to economize and buy only those items they deemed necessary. This attitude seems to prevail today.
However, east-west differences in regard to trash production would be much less pronounced if we only looked at domestic waste, and did not include other sources of trash such as gardens.
Communist East Germany also emphasized child care. While eastern German mothers were usually employed, western German women often stayed home to raise their children. So the East German government invested heavily in child-care facilities, and that legacy remains today.
This map points to another legacy of eastern Germany’s communist past. In then-East Germany, agricultural fields were much larger, because they were not owned by individuals, but by a pool of farmers. After reunification, the fields’ sizes rarely changed.
In the east, it was also much more common, and politically supported, to get a flu shot. Even today, eastern Germans are more committed to this practice, as the German news website ZEIT ONLINE recently noted in a comparison between eastern and western habits and beliefs that is definitely worth a read.
(According to the site, eastern Germans also own significantly fewer legal small arms than citizens living in west Germany.)
Finally, if you travel Europe and you see two German groups at a campground, you might easily be able to distinguish them.
Eastern Germans usually sleep in tents, while western Germans prefer to travel with trailers. We did not find a scientific explanation, but one might posit that it’s rooted in western Germans’ longer experience traveling the world.
Furthermore, many young eastern Germans couldn’t even afford a car under communism. Trying to buy a trailer would have been more expensive and nearly impossible for most eastern Germans. While those in the west were able to explore beyond their borders, eastern Germans remained practically imprisoned by their government for nearly 30 years — until 25 years ago.
Despite the prevailing differences, many consider the German reunification a successful role model.
Adonis Diaries 